High-speed rail, first built in the 1960s, has proven competitive with cars and planes over short to medium distances. Since the 1970s, governments, environmentalists, and train advocates have promoted increased use of trains due to their greater fuel efficiency and lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to other modes of land transport. The spread of buses led to the closure of many rapid transit and tram systems during this time as well. Following the development of more flexible cars and faster airplanes, trains declined in importance and market share, and many train lines were abandoned. In the mid–20th century, diesel and electric locomotives replaced steam as the means of motive power. Rapid transit and trams were first built in the late 1800s to transport large numbers of people in and around cities. Following the invention of the steam locomotive in the United Kingdom in the early 1800s, trains rapidly spread around the world, allowing freight and passengers to move over land faster and cheaper than ever possible before. Trains have their roots in wagonways, which used railway tracks and were powered by horses or pulled by cables. Most trains operate on steel tracks with steel wheels, which allows low friction and makes them more efficient than other forms of transport. Trains are designed to a certain gauge, or distance between rails.

Passengers and cargo are carried in railroad cars, also known as wagons. Trains are typically pulled or pushed by locomotives (often known simply as 'engines'), though some are self-propelled, such as multiple units. The word train comes from the Old French trahiner, derived from the Latin trahere meaning 'to pull, to draw'.

In rail transport, a train is a series of connected vehicles that run along a railway track and transport people or freight.

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